{"id":1681,"date":"2018-12-03T21:17:22","date_gmt":"2018-12-04T03:17:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/last-drum.flywheelsites.com\/?page_id=1681"},"modified":"2020-08-19T08:58:46","modified_gmt":"2020-08-19T13:58:46","slug":"parental-stress","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/autism.org\/parental-stress\/","title":{"rendered":"Parental Stress"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:30px;--awb-padding-bottom:30px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_6 1_6 fusion-one-sixth fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:16.666666666667%;width:calc(16.666666666667% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.16666666666667 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-two-third fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:66.666666666667%;width:calc(66.666666666667% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.66666666666667 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><nav class=\"fusion-breadcrumbs awb-yoast-breadcrumbs fusion-breadcrumbs-1\" style=\"--awb-text-hover-color:rgba(255,167,55,0.75);--awb-text-color:#ff9800;--awb-breadcrumb-sep:&#039;\/&#039;;\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\"><ol class=\"awb-breadcrumb-list\"><li class=\"fusion-breadcrumb-item awb-breadcrumb-sep\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\" class=\"fusion-breadcrumb-link\"><span >Home<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/nav><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><p><b>Nothing is more challenging than watching your child suffer. Caring for a child with autism can stress parents beyond their limits. If your child\u2019s disorder makes you feel highly stressed, you are not alone. In the following article, Jane Johnson investigates parental stress in response to children with autism.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>In a 2013<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/health\/archive\/2013\/06\/in-autism-the-importance-of-the-gut\/276648\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> article in the Atlantic<\/a>, Kara Margolis, MD, a gastroenterologist at Columbia University, commented that by the time she met a little boy with autism who suffered from extreme stomach aches, \u201cbloody scabs dotted his face, from the tender skin below his eyes to the tips of his ears. He\u2019d chewed his thumb down nearly to the bone. There was blood everywhere\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Surely this boy\u2019s parents felt extreme stress watching him suffer, and while his physical symptoms are at the extreme end, they are not unknown in this population. I believe that an important, overlooked factor contributing to stress levels in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the degree to which they feel their child suffers, per the old maxim,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3410695\/\"> supported by Fingerman (2011)<\/a>, that \u201cyou\u2019re only as happy as your least happy child.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In a survey of 219 parents of children with autism, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/13668259700033261\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sharpley, et al. <\/a>(1997), found that more than 80% reported sometimes being \u201cstretched beyond their limits,\u201d with mothers reporting higher stress levels than fathers. The authors commented that the three most stressful factors are<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">(a) concern over the permanency of the condition;<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">(b) poor acceptance of autistic behaviors by society and, often, by other family members;<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">(c) the very low levels of social support received by parents. Subjective parental pain and consequent stress went unobserved.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>When <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20146741\/\">Dabrowska (2010)<\/a> administered the Questionnaire of Resources and Stress (QRS) to 162 parents of preschool children with autism, she correctly predicted that the level of stress would be higher in parents of children with autism than in parents of children with Down\u2019s syndrome or in typically developing children. Parents of children with autism also scored higher than Down\u2019s parents on three QRS scales (e.g., limits on family opportunities), and higher than parents of typically developing children, on nine out of eleven scales. As well, she found that mothers of children with ASD felt more stress than fathers, but, interestingly, she did not find this problem in either the Down\u2019s or the typically developing population.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19535467\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Estes et al. (2009)<\/a> investigated how child characteristics influence maternal parenting stress and psychological distress. Participants were mothers of preschool-aged children with ASD and mothers of children with DD (developmental delay without autism). Evidence for higher levels of parenting stress and psychological distress was found in mothers in the ASD group, and children\u2019s problem behavior was associated with increased parenting stress and psychological distress in mothers in both groups.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17272578\/\">Schieve, et al. (2007)<\/a> studied the 2003 National Survey of Children\u2019s Health, in which parents or other caregivers for children with ASD reported their recent feelings about their life sacrifices to care for their child, their difficulty caring for their child, their frustration with their child\u2019s actions, and their anger toward their child. Responses were compiled using the Aggravation in Parenting Scale. Parents of children with autism were compared with parents of children with special health-care needs with other developmental problems, children with special health-care needs without developmental problems, and developmentally normal children. Parents of children with autism were significantly more likely to score in the \u201chigh aggravation\u201d range than any other parent sample.<\/p>\n<p>From the published literature we know that parents of children with autism worry about everything from lifetime dependency to family disharmony, from support networks to societal acceptance; we know that these parents are aggravated and angry, and that the parents of children with more aberrant behaviors feel more stressed than parents of children with fewer aberrant behaviors. No mention is made anywhere, however, of the possibility that parental emotional pain might be linked to subjective perceptions of pain as experienced by one\u2019s child.<\/p>\n<p>The Questionnaire on Resources and Stress<a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/1976-29971-001\"> (Holroyd, 1987)<\/a> is a self-report questionnaire that consists of 15 scales, including parental affliction, overprotection\/dependency, pessimism about child development, anxiety about the future of the child, financial problems, social isolation, burden for members of the family, intellectual and physical incapacitation, and need for the care of the child. Parents rate their agreement or disagreement on a four-point scale with questions that assess parental feelings about their child (e.g., \u201cI worry about what will happen to my child when I can no longer take care of him\/her,\u201d and \u201cI have difficulty leaving the house because of my child.\u201d).<\/p>\n<p>Another commonly used measure of stress is the Parenting Stress Index <a href=\"(PSI; Abidin, 1983),\">(PSI; Abidin, 1983)<\/a>, which is organized into 120 questions, comprising seven sub-scales assessing the degree to which parents are depressed, are unattached to the child, feel restricted by their role as parents, feel incompetent as parents, are socially isolated, have struggled to maintain a satisfactory relationship with their spouse, and are experiencing health problems. It contains prompts like: \u201cThink carefully and count the number of things your child does that bother you,\u201d and, \u201cMy child rarely does things for me that make me feel good.\u201d Like the QRS, it contains no questions that probe whether or not parents might feel stress when they watch their child suffer.<\/p>\n<p>The high cost of poor outcomes in families with autism, and our moral obligation as a society to care for those who are suffering, dictate that we must understand the nuances of the effects of the syndrome, both on people with autism and on their families and caregivers, and provide appropriate interventions. Further research is needed to determine that appropriate healthcare does in fact improve HRQoL, reduce the staggering financial costs, and reduce parental stress.<\/p>\n<p><b>Getting appropriate care and<a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/treatment\/\"> treatment<\/a> for your child may help alleviate their symptoms and reduce your overall stress. When a child with autism has a trusted care team, parents can feel more confident that the child is being taken care of. <\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Remember to care for yourself as well. Parents should seek out appropriate physical and mental health care for themselves so that they can continue to be advocates for their children. <\/b><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"accordian fusion-accordian\" style=\"--awb-border-size:1px;--awb-icon-size:13px;--awb-content-font-size:20px;--awb-icon-alignment:left;--awb-hover-color:#f7f8f9;--awb-border-color:#e8eaf0;--awb-background-color:#ffffff;--awb-divider-color:e8eaf0;--awb-divider-hover-color:e8eaf0;--awb-icon-color:#ffffff;--awb-title-color:#ff8900;--awb-content-color:#5d5f64;--awb-icon-box-color:#202020;--awb-toggle-hover-accent-color:#ffa737;--awb-title-font-family:&quot;Josefin Sans&quot;;--awb-title-font-weight:700;--awb-title-font-style:normal;--awb-title-font-size:20px;--awb-content-font-family:&quot;PT Sans&quot;;--awb-content-font-style:normal;--awb-content-font-weight:400;\"><div class=\"panel-group fusion-toggle-icon-boxed\" id=\"accordion-1681-1\"><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-9824121e16587bb9d fusion-toggle-no-divider\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_9824121e16587bb9d\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"9824121e16587bb9d\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-1681-1\" data-target=\"#9824121e16587bb9d\" href=\"#9824121e16587bb9d\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Works cited<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"9824121e16587bb9d\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_9824121e16587bb9d\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>Abidin, RR. (1983). Parenting Stress Index: Manual. Pediatric Psychology Press.<\/p>\n<p>Bastiaansen, D, et al. (2004). Quality of life in children with psychiatric disorders: Self-, parent, and clinician report. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 43(2), 221-230.<\/p>\n<p>Bauman, M. (2010). Autism Spectrum Disorders: Clinical and Medical Perspectives. The Neurochemical Basis of Autism 1-11.<\/p>\n<p>Dabrowska, A. (2010) Parenting stress and coping styles in mothers and fathers of pre-school children with autism and Down syndrome.<\/p>\n<p>Journal of Intellectual Disability Research Volume: 54, Issue: 3, 266 &#8211; 280.<\/p>\n<p>Elliot, D. (2013) In autism, the importance of the gut. The Atlantic June.<\/p>\n<p>Estes, A, et al. (2009) Parenting stress and psychological functioning among mothers of preschool children with autism and developmental delay. Autism July 2009 vol. 13 no. 4 375-387.<\/p>\n<p>Fingerman, KL, et al. (2011). Only as happy as the least happy child: multiple grown children\u2019s problems and successes and middle-aged parents\u2019 well-being. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci Aug.<\/p>\n<p>Holroyd, J (1987). Questionnaire on resources and stress: For families with chronically ill or handicapped members. Clinical Psychology.<\/p>\n<p>Kamp-Becker, J, et al. (2011) Health Related quality of life in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Zietschrift fur Kinder Jugendpsychiatrei 39 (2), 13-31.<\/p>\n<p>Kuhlthau, K. (2010) Health-Related Quality of Life in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Results from the Autism Treatment Network. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Vol: 40 Issue: 6, 721 &#8211; 729.<\/p>\n<p>Kuhlthau, K, et al. (2013). Health-related quality of life for children with ASD: Associations with behavioral characteristics. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders Volume 7, Issue 9, September 2013,1035-1042.<\/p>\n<p>Schieve, LA, et al. (2007). The relationship between autism and parenting stress. Pediatrics 119, S114-S121.<\/p>\n<p>Sharpley, CF, et al. (1997). Influence of gender, parental health, and perceived expertise of assistance upon stress, anxiety, and depression among parents of children with autism. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability 22, 19-28.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:14px;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><p>This editorial appeared in its entirety in <a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/subscribe\/\">Autism Research Review International (ARRI)<\/a> &#8211; ARI&#8217;s printed newsletter.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" 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data-placement=\"top\" data-title=\"LinkedIn\" data-toggle=\"tooltip\" title=\"LinkedIn\" aria-label=\"linkedin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/autism-research-institute\/\"><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:30px;width:100%;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-3 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:30px;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-recent-posts fusion-recent-posts-1 avada-container layout-default layout-columns-3\"><section class=\"fusion-columns columns fusion-columns-3 columns-3\"><article class=\"post fusion-column column col col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4\"><div class=\"fusion-flexslider fusion-flexslider-loading flexslider flexslider-hover-type-none\"><ul class=\"slides\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/could-treating-moms-periodontal-disease-lower-odds-of-autism\/\" aria-label=\"Could treating moms\u2019 periodontal disease lower odds of autism?\" class=\"hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/AdobeStock_291495603-700x441.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-recent-posts size-recent-posts lazyload\" alt=\"Woman with healthy teeth closeup\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%272560%27%20height%3D%271707%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%202560%201707%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%272560%27%20height%3D%271707%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/AdobeStock_291495603-700x441.jpeg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/AdobeStock_291495603-320x202.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/AdobeStock_291495603-700x441.jpeg 700w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" \/><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"recent-posts-content\"><span class=\"vcard\" style=\"display: none;\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/author\/melanie\/\" title=\"Posts by Melanie Glock\" rel=\"author\">Melanie Glock<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated\" style=\"display:none;\">2024-04-28T15:51:23-05:00<\/span><h4 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/could-treating-moms-periodontal-disease-lower-odds-of-autism\/\">Could treating moms\u2019 periodontal disease lower odds of autism?<\/a><\/h4><p class=\"meta\"><span class=\"vcard\" style=\"display: none;\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/author\/melanie\/\" title=\"Posts by Melanie Glock\" rel=\"author\">Melanie Glock<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated\" style=\"display:none;\">2024-04-28T15:51:23-05:00<\/span><span>March 21st, 2023<\/span><span class=\"fusion-inline-sep\">|<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/category\/news\/\" rel=\"category tag\">News<\/a><span class=\"fusion-inline-sep\">|<\/span><\/p><p>   Mothers who receive periodontal treatment during pregnancy may reduce the odds of their children developing autism spectrum disorders (ASD), according to a new study. Carl Bose and colleagues collected data on 306<\/p><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post fusion-column column col col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4\"><div class=\"fusion-flexslider fusion-flexslider-loading flexslider flexslider-hover-type-none\"><ul class=\"slides\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/self-care\/\" aria-label=\"Parents and Caregivers: The Importance of Self-Care\" class=\"hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"643\" height=\"441\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27643%27%20height%3D%27494%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20643%20494%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27643%27%20height%3D%27494%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" class=\"attachment-recent-posts size-recent-posts lazyload\" alt=\"Caring for the caregiver logo\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/caregiver2-643x441.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"recent-posts-content\"><span class=\"vcard\" style=\"display: none;\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/author\/autismadmin\/\" title=\"Posts by autismAdmin\" rel=\"author\">autismAdmin<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated\" style=\"display:none;\">2024-07-16T10:32:30-05:00<\/span><h4 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/self-care\/\">Parents and Caregivers: The Importance of Self-Care<\/a><\/h4><p class=\"meta\"><span class=\"vcard\" style=\"display: none;\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/author\/autismadmin\/\" title=\"Posts by autismAdmin\" rel=\"author\">autismAdmin<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated\" style=\"display:none;\">2024-07-16T10:32:30-05:00<\/span><span>January 18th, 2023<\/span><span class=\"fusion-inline-sep\">|<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/category\/autism-spectrum-disorders\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Autism Spectrum Disorders<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/category\/webinar\/selfcare\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Caregiver Care<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/webinars\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Webinar<\/a><span class=\"fusion-inline-sep\">|<\/span><\/p><p>  \u00a0\u201cIf you are an exhausted or overwhelmed caregiver, this presentation is for you.\u201d Amanda Tami, LPC, BCBA, discusses the importance of self-care for adult caregivers supporting people with special needs, including autism. She<\/p><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post fusion-column column col col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4\"><div class=\"fusion-flexslider fusion-flexslider-loading flexslider flexslider-hover-type-none\"><ul class=\"slides\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/gender-diversity-more-common-in-kids-with-asd-than-in-neurotypical-peers\/\" aria-label=\"Gender diversity more common in kids with ASD than in neurotypical peers\" class=\"hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/pride-700x441.png\" class=\"attachment-recent-posts size-recent-posts lazyload\" alt=\"Pride flags\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%272560%27%20height%3D%271133%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%202560%201133%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%272560%27%20height%3D%271133%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/pride-700x441.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/pride-320x202.png 320w, https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/pride-700x441.png 700w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" \/><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"recent-posts-content\"><span class=\"vcard\" style=\"display: none;\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/author\/melanie\/\" title=\"Posts by Melanie Glock\" rel=\"author\">Melanie Glock<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated\" style=\"display:none;\">2024-04-28T17:32:42-05:00<\/span><h4 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/gender-diversity-more-common-in-kids-with-asd-than-in-neurotypical-peers\/\">Gender diversity more common in kids with ASD than in neurotypical peers<\/a><\/h4><p class=\"meta\"><span class=\"vcard\" style=\"display: none;\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/author\/melanie\/\" title=\"Posts by Melanie Glock\" rel=\"author\">Melanie Glock<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated\" style=\"display:none;\">2024-04-28T17:32:42-05:00<\/span><span>August 2nd, 2022<\/span><span class=\"fusion-inline-sep\">|<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/category\/news\/\" rel=\"category tag\">News<\/a><span class=\"fusion-inline-sep\">|<\/span><\/p><p>   Gender diversity is more common among children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) than among their neurotypical peers, according to a new study. Previous research has shown that the rate of gender diversity<\/p><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post fusion-column column col col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4\"><div class=\"fusion-flexslider fusion-flexslider-loading flexslider flexslider-hover-type-none\"><ul class=\"slides\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/aris-global-networks\/\" aria-label=\"ARI&#8217;s Global Networks\" class=\"hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/AdobeStock_123099744-700x441.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-recent-posts size-recent-posts lazyload\" alt=\"Network of cells featuring various human figures in circular frames\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%272560%27%20height%3D%271536%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%202560%201536%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%272560%27%20height%3D%271536%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/AdobeStock_123099744-700x441.jpeg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/AdobeStock_123099744-320x202.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/AdobeStock_123099744-700x441.jpeg 700w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" \/><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"recent-posts-content\"><span class=\"vcard\" style=\"display: none;\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/author\/autismadmin\/\" title=\"Posts by autismAdmin\" rel=\"author\">autismAdmin<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated\" style=\"display:none;\">2025-08-07T17:00:47-05:00<\/span><h4 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/aris-global-networks\/\">ARI&#8217;s Global Networks<\/a><\/h4><p class=\"meta\"><span class=\"vcard\" style=\"display: none;\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/author\/autismadmin\/\" title=\"Posts by autismAdmin\" rel=\"author\">autismAdmin<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated\" style=\"display:none;\">2025-08-07T17:00:47-05:00<\/span><span>July 1st, 2022<\/span><span class=\"fusion-inline-sep\">|<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/category\/news\/\" rel=\"category tag\">News<\/a><span class=\"fusion-inline-sep\">|<\/span><\/p><p>   ARI and Autism Research\u00a0 The Autism Research Institute (ARI) was established in 1967 and is the oldest autism research organization in the world. Its founder, Dr. Bernard Rimland, was a pioneering researcher<\/p><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post fusion-column column col col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4\"><div class=\"fusion-flexslider fusion-flexslider-loading flexslider flexslider-hover-type-none\"><ul class=\"slides\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/transportation-issues-rarely-addressed-by-providers\/\" aria-label=\"Transportation issues rarely addressed by providers\" class=\"hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/teen-driver-700x441.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-recent-posts size-recent-posts lazyload\" alt=\"Portrait of Young Man in his Car Showing Thumbs Up\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%272560%27%20height%3D%271707%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%202560%201707%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%272560%27%20height%3D%271707%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/teen-driver-700x441.jpeg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/teen-driver-320x202.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/teen-driver-700x441.jpeg 700w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" \/><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"recent-posts-content\"><span class=\"vcard\" style=\"display: none;\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/author\/melanie\/\" title=\"Posts by Melanie Glock\" rel=\"author\">Melanie Glock<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated\" style=\"display:none;\">2024-04-28T17:36:29-05:00<\/span><h4 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/transportation-issues-rarely-addressed-by-providers\/\">Transportation issues rarely addressed by providers<\/a><\/h4><p class=\"meta\"><span class=\"vcard\" style=\"display: none;\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/author\/melanie\/\" title=\"Posts by Melanie Glock\" rel=\"author\">Melanie Glock<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated\" style=\"display:none;\">2024-04-28T17:36:29-05:00<\/span><span>May 4th, 2022<\/span><span class=\"fusion-inline-sep\">|<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/category\/news\/\" rel=\"category tag\">News<\/a><span class=\"fusion-inline-sep\">|<\/span><\/p><p>   Very few medical or behavioral specialists discuss driving or other transportation-related issues with patients who have ASD (autism spectrum disorders), according to a new study. Emma Sartin and colleagues surveyed 78 providers,<\/p><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post fusion-column column col col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4\"><div class=\"fusion-flexslider fusion-flexslider-loading flexslider flexslider-hover-type-none\"><ul class=\"slides\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/pregnancy-spacing-may-affect-odds-of-asd\/\" aria-label=\"Pregnancy spacing may affect odds of ASD\" class=\"hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Untitled-design-67-700x441.jpg\" class=\"attachment-recent-posts size-recent-posts lazyload\" alt=\"pregnant woman, autism leucovorin and acetaminophen\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271280%27%20height%3D%27720%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201280%20720%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271280%27%20height%3D%27720%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Untitled-design-67-700x441.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Untitled-design-67-320x202.jpg 320w, https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Untitled-design-67-700x441.jpg 700w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" \/><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"recent-posts-content\"><span class=\"vcard\" style=\"display: none;\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/author\/melanie\/\" title=\"Posts by Melanie Glock\" rel=\"author\">Melanie Glock<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated\" style=\"display:none;\">2024-04-28T17:39:27-05:00<\/span><h4 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/pregnancy-spacing-may-affect-odds-of-asd\/\">Pregnancy spacing may affect odds of ASD<\/a><\/h4><p class=\"meta\"><span class=\"vcard\" style=\"display: none;\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/author\/melanie\/\" title=\"Posts by Melanie Glock\" rel=\"author\">Melanie Glock<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated\" style=\"display:none;\">2024-04-28T17:39:27-05:00<\/span><span>March 2nd, 2022<\/span><span class=\"fusion-inline-sep\">|<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/category\/news\/\" rel=\"category tag\">News<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/category\/research\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Research<\/a><span class=\"fusion-inline-sep\">|<\/span><\/p><p>   Mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) may reduce their odds of having another child with ASD if they time a second pregnancy to occur 2.5 to 3 years after the<\/p><\/div><\/article><\/section><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1681","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.6 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Research on Parental Stress &amp; Autism - Autism Research Institute<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Nothing is more challenging than watching your child suffer. 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